IELTS Reading | Concepts and Vocabulary - Unit 4: Consumer Behavior
Key takeaways
Ôn tập và mở rộng từ vựng theo chủ đề “Consumer Behavior”.
Rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật qua các dạng câu hỏi IELTS.
Hiểu và khai thác insight về hành vi tiêu dùng Gen Z để ứng dụng vào kỹ năng nói và viết.
Trong quá trình ôn luyện IELTS Reading, người học thường gặp khó khăn với các đoạn văn học thuật xoay quanh chủ đề kinh tế – xã hội, đặc biệt là những bài liên quan đến hành vi tiêu dùng. Bài học này cung cấp danh sách từ vựng trọng tâm thuộc chủ đề Consumer Behavior, bao gồm các khái niệm quen thuộc như purchasing decisions, spending power, sustainability và brand loyalty.
Toàn bộ từ vựng được chọn lọc từ các bài đọc sát với đề thi thật, có tính ứng dụng cao trong việc phân tích xu hướng tiêu dùng hiện đại và hành vi mua sắm của các thế hệ. Đây là nền tảng hữu ích giúp thí sinh nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu và phát triển ý tưởng hiệu quả cho các kỹ năng Speaking và Writing trong bài thi IELTS.
Consumer behavior is the study of how individuals or groups select, purchase, use, and dispose of products or services, focusing on decision-making processes and influencing factors. It involves motivation, perception, lifestyle, and cultural values. This unit will introduce you to key vocabulary related to consumer behavior, which is essential for understanding IELTS Reading passages on this topic.
Hành vi người tiêu dùng là nghiên cứu về cách cá nhân hoặc nhóm lựa chọn, mua sắm, sử dụng và xử lý các sản phẩm hoặc dịch vụ, tập trung vào quá trình ra quyết định và các yếu tố ảnh hưởng. Nó bao gồm động cơ, nhận thức, lối sống và giá trị văn hóa. Unit này sẽ giới thiệu cho bạn từ vựng chính liên quan đến hành vi người tiêu dùng, rất quan trọng để hiểu các đoạn đọc IELTS về chủ đề này.
Before You Read
Answer the following questions:
1. Do you usually think carefully before buying something expensive?
2. Have you ever bought something just because it was on sale?
Choose the best answer:
3. What usually influences your buying decision the most?
a. Price
b. Brand name
c. Advertisement
d. Friend’s opinion
4. How often do you buy things online?
a. Never
b. Sometimes
c. Often
d. Always
5. What type of product do you buy most often?
a. Food and drinks
b. Clothes and accessories
c. Electronics
d. Books or learning materials
Part A: Reading
Passage: The picky buying habits of Gen Z consumers
Generation Z, born between 1997 and 2012, is emerging as a powerful force in the global consumer market. With a growing economic presence and significant spending power, their purchasing decisions are beginning to shape modern retail trends. However, unlike previous generations, Gen Z is known for being selective and intentional in their spending behavior.
Many members of this generation are still at the beginning of their careers and face financial challenges such as rising living costs, student debt, and economic uncertainty. To manage these pressures, a large number of Gen Z individuals seek additional income through freelance work, side jobs, or passive income sources. This extra effort contributes to their cautious approach to spending, as every purchase is weighed carefully.
Shopping for this generation involves a deliberate process of research and comparison. As digital natives, Gen Z consumers move seamlessly between online platforms, apps, and physical stores. They explore product reviews, search for promotions, and examine quality before making final decisions. This approach reflects a shift from impulsive buying to thoughtful consumption.
Product quality holds particular importance. Research suggests that Gen Z prioritizes durability and function over brand recognition or price alone. If an item does not meet their expectations, they are quick to explore alternatives. Moreover, their decisions are often guided by peer feedback, as reviews and user experiences play a major role in shaping opinions.
Another defining trait of Gen Z consumers is their commitment to sustainability. This generation increasingly supports brands that demonstrate ethical practices, environmental responsibility, and transparency. Companies that fail to align with these values risk being rejected in favor of competitors with stronger social and ecological commitments.
Despite these patterns, Gen Z is not a uniform group. Preferences shift rapidly, influenced by trends, social networks, and digital content. Retailers aiming to connect with this generation must remain adaptive and responsive to their evolving expectations.
By studying Gen Z’s buying habits, businesses can gain valuable insights into the future of consumer behavior and develop strategies that resonate with a generation focused on quality, values, and informed choices.
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Part B: Vocabulary Boosting
1. Emerging (adj) – đang nổi lên Gen Z is an emerging force in the global market. (Gen Z là một lực lượng đang nổi lên trong thị trường toàn cầu.) |  |
2. Purchasing decisions (noun) – quyết định mua hàng Their purchasing decisions are shaped by research and reviews. (Các quyết định mua hàng của họ được định hình bởi nghiên cứu và đánh giá.) |  |
Trends (noun) – xu hướng Retailers must keep up with consumer trends to stay competitive. (Nhà bán lẻ phải theo kịp xu hướng tiêu dùng để duy trì tính cạnh tranh.) |  |
Passive income (noun) – thu nhập thụ động Many Gen Zers work freelance jobs to generate passive income. (Nhiều người Gen Z làm nghề tự do để tạo thu nhập thụ động.) |  |
Promotions (noun) – khuyến mãi They often wait for promotions before buying high-value items. (Họ thường đợi khuyến mãi trước khi mua các món đồ giá trị cao.) |  |
Physical stores (noun) – cửa hàng vật lý They compare prices between online shops and physical stores. (Họ so sánh giá giữa cửa hàng trực tuyến và cửa hàng vật lý.) |  |
Impulsive buying (noun) – việc mua sắm bốc đồng Gen Z avoids impulsive buying by researching carefully first. (Gen Z tránh mua sắm bốc đồng bằng cách nghiên cứu kỹ trước.) |  |
Consumption (noun) – sự tiêu dùng This generation supports sustainable and responsible consumption. (Thế hệ này ủng hộ tiêu dùng bền vững và có trách nhiệm.) |  |
Durability (noun) – độ bền They choose products based on durability and long-term use. (Họ chọn sản phẩm dựa trên độ bền và khả năng sử dụng lâu dài.) |  |
Feedback (noun) – phản hồi Gen Z reads online feedback before making a purchase. (Gen Z đọc phản hồi trực tuyến trước khi mua hàng.) |  |
Ethical practices (noun) – các hành vi đạo đức They prefer companies that follow ethical practices. (Họ ưa chuộng các công ty tuân theo hành vi đạo đức.) |  |
Preferences (noun) – sự ưu tiên, sở thích Their preferences are influenced by quality and social values. (Sở thích của họ bị ảnh hưởng bởi chất lượng và giá trị xã hội.) |  |
Influence (verb) – ảnh hưởng Purchasing decisions are often influenced by online reviews. (Các quyết định mua hàng thường bị ảnh hưởng bởi đánh giá trực tuyến.) |  |
Retailers (noun) – nhà bán lẻ Retailers must adapt their strategies to attract Gen Z consumers. (Nhà bán lẻ phải điều chỉnh chiến lược để thu hút người tiêu dùng Gen Z.) |  |
Insights (noun) – những hiểu biết sâu sắc Their behavior gives insights into the future of marketing. (Hành vi của họ mang lại những hiểu biết sâu sắc về tương lai ngành tiếp thị.) |  |
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Part C: Vocabulary Exercise
Bài tập 1: Nối từ vựng với định nghĩa phù hợp
1. Emerging | A. A process of buying things without thinking carefully |
2. Purchasing decisions | B. Shops or places where customers buy products in person |
3. Trends | C. A company that sells goods to customers |
4. Passive income | D. Buying choices made after considering various factors |
5. Promotions | E. Opinions or reactions shared about a product or service |
6. Physical stores | F. Popular directions or patterns in behavior or products |
7. Impulsive buying | G. Income earned without active work |
8. Consumption | H. The act of using or buying goods and services |
9. Durability | I. Long-lasting ability of a product to remain usable |
10. Feedback | J. Actions that follow rules of honesty and fairness |
11. Ethical practices | K. Being affected or guided by something |
12. Preferences | L. Strong interest or liking for one thing over another |
13. Influenced | M. Gaining useful knowledge or understanding |
14. Retailers | N. Becoming more visible or important |
15. Insights | O. Special offers that encourage people to buy something |
Bài tập 2: Sắp xếp các từ đã cho thành câu đúng:
1. spending / Gen Z / increasing / in / is / The / power / market
→ _______________________________________
2. are / Young consumers / decisions / careful / purchasing / about / their
→ _______________________________________
3. jobs / helps / side / Passive / income / many / young adults
→ _______________________________________
4. to / customers / Promotions / attract / used / are / often
→ _______________________________________
5. online / and / compare / in-store / Modern buyers / prices
→ _______________________________________
6. impulsive / shoppers / Avoiding / helps / better / make / decisions
→ _______________________________________
7. Durability / a key / concern / product / remains / for / this generation
→ _______________________________________
8. purchase / Young buyers / read / making / feedback / before / any
→ _______________________________________
9. Retailers / shifting / to / adapt / must / fast-changing / preferences
→ _______________________________________
10. of / gives / understanding / behavior / Gen Z / valuable / insights
→ _______________________________________
Bài tập 3: Đọc đoạn văn và chọn đáp án thích hợp:
In the early 20th century, the world saw a dramatic shift in economic thinking. Instead of focusing solely on production and supply, attention turned toward stimulating demand. This transition gave birth to modern consumerism, where encouraging people to buy more became central to sustaining economic growth.
Business leaders, economists, and advertisers began to explore new ways to shape people’s desires. They realized that emotional appeal was more powerful than logic. Rather than simply promoting the usefulness of a product, advertisers started connecting it to identity, status, and aspiration. Shopping became not just an activity, but a reflection of who one was - or hoped to be.
The idea that endless consumption could keep the economy alive grew stronger after the Great Depression. Economists argued that more consumer spending would boost employment and productivity. Governments supported these views, building infrastructure, offering credit, and pushing mass consumption as a patriotic duty.
As a result, marketing evolved into a powerful cultural force. Advertising expanded from newspapers and posters to radio, television, and later digital media. The rise of planned obsolescence - designing products to become outdated or break easily - ensured that consumers would return again and again.
However, this system has not come without cost. The pressure to consume has increased personal debt, widened social inequality, and caused massive environmental damage. At the same time, it has redefined human happiness, often linking it more to ownership than to wellbeing.
Today, as climate concerns grow and younger generations question traditional economic systems, a new debate has begun: Should we continue to grow through consumption - or rethink our relationship with it?
1. What economic shift happened in the early 20th century?
A. From labor to technology
B. From supply-focused to demand-focused thinking
C. From agriculture to manufacturing
D. From government-led to market-led economies
2. Why did advertisers begin to focus on emotion rather than logic?
A. Emotions are cheaper to advertise
B. It reduced production costs
C. Emotional appeal influenced people’s choices more
D. Logic confused potential customers
3. What is implied by the clause “ Shopping became not just an activity, but a reflection of who one was - or hoped to be.” in paragraph 2?
A. People bought goods only for survival
B. What people buy says something about who they are
C. Shopping was no longer enjoyable
D. Identity was based on nationality
4. According to the passage, what role did advertising play in shaping modern consumer identity?
A. It encouraged people to buy local brands.
B. It shifted focus from usefulness to emotional connection.
C. It promoted saving money over spending.
D. It helped reduce the cost of production.
5. What belief became stronger after the Great Depression, according to the passage?
A. Consumers should be cautious with their money.
B. Governments should reduce credit support.
C. Consumer spending could boost the economy.
D. Only private companies could solve economic crises.
6. How did marketing evolve as a result of changes in consumer behavior?
A. It became centered on product durability.
B. It focused more on traditional media like posters.
C. It turned into a major cultural force across media.
D. It abandoned emotional strategies for logic-based campaigns.
7. According to the passage, how did planned obsolescence affect consumer behavior?
A. It encouraged people to repair rather than replace.
B. It reduced the number of repeat purchases.
C. It caused dissatisfaction with product design.
D. It ensured consumers would keep buying repeatedly.
8. What negative consequence is mentioned in the passage?
A. Decrease in advertising
B. Reduced education access
C. Environmental damage due to consumption
D. Increase in agricultural waste
Bài tập 4: Dựa vào bài đọc ở phần A và trả lời câu hỏi sau:
1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A. Gen Z is spending more than any generation before
B. Gen Z is shaping the market with selective and intentional buying
C. Gen Z prefers traditional shopping methods
D. Gen Z avoids spending due to low income
2. According to the text, why are many Gen Z consumers looking for extra sources of income?
A. To follow online trends
B. To invest in global markets
C. To cope with high living costs and financial uncertainty
D. To afford luxury goods
3. What does the author suggest about Gen Z’s attitude toward spending the money they earn from extra work?
A. They tend to spend it quickly on entertainment
B. They are careful and deliberate with how they spend it
C. They usually save it for long-term investments
D. They spend it without thinking due to stress
4. According to paragraph 3, Gen Z’s shopping behavior is:
A. Based mainly on emotional decisions
B. Quick and spontaneous
C. Focused on discounts only
D. Research-based and thoughtful
5. Which of the following BEST describes the shift from previous generations to Gen Z in terms of shopping?
A. From online to offline buying
B. From impulsive to careful consumption
C. From local to global markets
D. From quality to quantity
6. In paragraph 4, why are “alternatives” important to Gen Z when shopping?
A. They allow Gen Z to try luxury brands
B. They make shopping more entertaining
C. They help Gen Z find better options when standards aren’t met
D. They reduce the need to compare products
7. What type of brands does Gen Z tend to reject?
A. Brands that offer luxury items
B. Brands with poor design
C. Brands that lack ethical and sustainable practices
D. Brands that use traditional advertising
8. What does the author suggest about Gen Z’s preferences in paragraph 6?
A. They are fixed and predictable
B. They rarely change
C. They shift quickly due to online influence
D. They depend on family traditions
9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that influences Gen Z’s purchase decisions?
A. Peer feedback
B. Product durability
C. Family approval
D. Online reviews
10. What can businesses gain by understanding Gen Z’s consumer behavior?
A. A better recruitment strategy
B. Higher profits from physical stores
C. Insights to improve product packaging
D. Effective strategies to reach future buyers
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Part D: Key and Explanation
Bài tập 1:
1. Emerging | N. Becoming more visible or important |
2. Purchasing decisions | D. Buying choices made after considering various factors |
3. Trends | F. Popular directions or patterns in behavior or products |
4. Passive income | G. Income earned without active work |
5. Promotions | O. Special offers that encourage people to buy something |
6. Physical stores | B. Shops or places where customers buy products in person |
7. Impulsive buying | A. A process of buying things without thinking carefully |
8. Consumption | H. The act of using or buying goods and services |
9. Durability | I. Long-lasting ability of a product to remain usable |
10. Feedback | E. Opinions or reactions shared about a product or service |
11. Ethical practices | J. Actions that follow rules of honesty and fairness |
12. Preferences | L. Strong interest or liking for one thing over another |
13. Influenced | K. Being affected or guided by something |
14. Retailers | C. A company that sells goods to customers |
15. Insights | M. Gaining useful knowledge or understanding |
Bài tập 2:
1. The spending power of Gen Z is increasing in the market.
(Sức mua của thế hệ Gen Z đang gia tăng trên thị trường.)
2. Young consumers are careful about their purchasing decisions.
(Người tiêu dùng trẻ rất cẩn trọng với các quyết định mua sắm của họ.)
3. Passive income helps many young adults with side jobs.
(Thu nhập thụ động giúp nhiều người trẻ có thêm công việc phụ.)
4. Promotions are often used to attract customers.
(Khuyến mãi thường được sử dụng để thu hút khách hàng.)
5. Modern buyers compare prices online and in-store.
(Người mua hiện đại so sánh giá cả giữa mua trực tuyến và tại cửa hàng.)
6. Avoiding impulsive buying helps shoppers make better decisions.
(Tránh mua sắm bốc đồng giúp người tiêu dùng đưa ra quyết định tốt hơn.)
7. Durability remains a key product concern for this generation.
( Độ bền vẫn là mối quan tâm chính về sản phẩm đối với thế hệ này.)
8. Young buyers read feedback before making any purchase.
(Người mua trẻ thường đọc phản hồi trước khi mua bất kỳ sản phẩm nào.)
9. Retailers must adapt to fast-changing preferences.
(Các nhà bán lẻ phải thích nghi với sở thích thay đổi nhanh chóng.)
10. Gen Z behavior gives valuable insights for understanding.
(Hành vi của Gen Z mang lại những hiểu biết giá trị để phân tích.)
Bài tập 3:
1. What economic shift happened in the early 20th century? Đáp án: B) From supply-focused to demand-focused thinking (Đúng) | A. From labor to technology Từ lao động sang công nghệ → Sai: Văn bản không nhắc đến chuyển đổi sang công nghệ hay lao động. B. From supply-focused to demand-focused thinking Từ tập trung vào cung sang tập trung vào cầu → Đúng: Đoạn 1 nêu rõ: “attention turned toward stimulating demand”. C. From agriculture to manufacturing Từ nông nghiệp sang sản xuất công nghiệp → Sai: Không có dữ liệu nào trong bài đề cập đến nông nghiệp hay công nghiệp. D. From government-led to market-led economies Từ nền kinh tế do chính phủ dẫn dắt sang kinh tế thị trường → Sai: Không có nội dung nào nói về chuyển đổi hình thái kinh tế này. |
2. What is the reason advertisers began to focus on emotion rather than logic? Đáp án: C) Emotional appeal influenced people’s choices more (Đúng) | A. Emotions are cheaper to advertise B. It reduced production costs C. Emotional appeal influenced people’s choices more D. Logic confused potential customers |
3. What is implied by the clause “Shopping became not just an activity, but a reflection of who one was - or hoped to be”? Đáp án: B) What people buy says something about who they are (Đúng) | A. People bought goods only for survival B. What people buy says something about who they are C. Shopping was no longer enjoyable D. Identity was based on nationality |
4. According to the passage, what role did advertising play in shaping modern consumer identity? Đáp án: B) It shifted focus from usefulness to emotional connection (Đúng) | A. It encouraged people to buy local brands B. It shifted focus from usefulness to emotional connection C. It promoted saving money over spending D. It helped reduce the cost of production |
5. What belief became stronger after the Great Depression, according to the passage? Đáp án: C) Consumer spending could boost the economy (Đúng) | A. Consumers should be cautious with their money B. Governments should reduce credit support C. Consumer spending could boost the economy D. Only private companies could solve economic crises |
6. How did marketing evolve as a result of changes in consumer behavior? Đáp án: C) It turned into a major cultural force across media (Đúng) | A. It became centered on product durability B. It focused more on traditional media like posters C. It turned into a major cultural force across media D. It abandoned emotional strategies for logic-based campaigns |
7. According to the passage, how did planned obsolescence affect consumer behavior? Đáp án: D) It ensured consumers would keep buying repeatedly (Đúng) | A. It encouraged people to repair rather than replace B. It reduced the number of repeat purchases C. It caused dissatisfaction with product design D. It ensured consumers would keep buying repeatedly |
8. What negative consequence is mentioned in the passage? Đáp án: C) Environmental damage due to consumption (Đúng) | A. Decrease in advertising B. Reduced education access C. Environmental damage due to consumption D. Increase in agricultural waste |
Bài tập 4:
1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph? Đáp án: B) Gen Z is shaping the market with selective and intentional buying (Đúng) | A. Gen Z is spending more than any generation before B. Gen Z is shaping the market with selective and intentional buying C. Gen Z prefers traditional shopping methods D. Gen Z avoids spending due to low income |
2. According to the text, why are many Gen Z consumers looking for extra sources of income? Đáp án: C) To cope with high living costs and financial uncertainty (Đúng) | A. To follow online trends B. To invest in global markets C. To cope with high living costs and financial uncertainty D. To afford luxury goods |
3. What does the author suggest about Gen Z’s attitude toward spending the money they earn from extra work? Đáp án: B) They are careful and deliberate with how they spend it (Đúng) | A. They tend to spend it quickly on entertainment B. They are careful and deliberate with how they spend it C. They usually save it for long-term investments D. They spend it without thinking due to stress |
4. According to paragraph 3, Gen Z’s shopping behavior is: Đáp án: D) Research-based and thoughtful (Đúng) | A. Based mainly on emotional decisions B. Quick and spontaneous C. Focused on discounts only D. Research-based and thoughtful |
5. Which of the following BEST describes the shift from previous generations to Gen Z in terms of shopping? Đáp án: B) From impulsive to careful consumption (Đúng) | A. From online to offline buying B. From impulsive to careful consumption C. From local to global markets D. From quality to quantity |
6. In paragraph 4, why are “alternatives” important to Gen Z when shopping? Đáp án: C) They help Gen Z find better options when standards aren’t met (Đúng) | A. They allow Gen Z to try luxury brands B. They make shopping more entertaining C. They help Gen Z find better options when standards aren’t met D. They reduce the need to compare products |
7. What type of brands does Gen Z tend to reject? Đáp án: C) Brands that lack ethical and sustainable practices (Đúng) | A. Brands that offer luxury items B. Brands with poor design C. Brands that lack ethical and sustainable practices D. Brands that use traditional advertising |
8. What does the author suggest about Gen Z’s preferences in paragraph 6? Đáp án: C) They shift quickly due to online influence (Đúng) | A. They are fixed and predictable B. They rarely change C. They shift quickly due to online influence D. They depend on family traditions |
9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that influences Gen Z’s purchase decisions? Đáp án: C) Family approval (Đúng) | A. Peer feedback B. Product durability C. Family approval D. Online reviews |
10. What can businesses gain by understanding Gen Z’s consumer behavior? Đáp án: D) Effective strategies to reach future buyers (Đúng) | A. A better recruitment strategy B. Higher profits from physical stores C. Insights to improve product packaging D. Effective strategies to reach future buyers |
Với hệ thống từ vựng chủ đề và bài đọc học thuật trong Unit 4: Consumer Behavior, người học được rèn luyện khả năng đọc hiểu theo chuẩn IELTS thông qua các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như xác định từ đồng nghĩa, suy luận, và tham chiếu. Chủ đề hành vi tiêu dùng của Gen Z cung cấp nhiều góc nhìn thực tiễn, giúp người học phát triển ý tưởng cho bài viết Task 2 và nâng cao khả năng triển khai ví dụ trong Speaking Part 3. Việc luyện tập thường xuyên sẽ giúp người học mở rộng vốn từ học thuật, cải thiện tư duy phân tích và phản xạ ngôn ngữ trong môi trường thi thật.
Nhiều thí sinh IELTS thường gặp khó khăn với phần thi Reading do áp lực thời gian và khối lượng thông tin lớn. IELTS Reading Essential Guide là tuyển tập các phương pháp và kỹ thuật thiết yếu giúp nâng cao điểm số, bao gồm Skimming để nắm bắt ý chính, Scanning để xác định thông tin chi tiết, Chunking để xử lý cấu trúc ngữ pháp phức tạp, cùng phương pháp đọc mở rộng và đọc chuyên sâu. Tài liệu được biên soạn tỉ mỉ bởi đội ngũ giảng viên ZIM và được cung cấp miễn phí cho học viên đã đăng nhập. Liên hệ Hotline 1900-2833 (nhánh số 1) để được tư vấn chi tiết.
- Học từ vựng IELTS Reading theo Conceptual Learning
- Học từ vựng IELTS Reading theo Conceptual Learning: Các khám phá và phát hiện khảo cổ
- Học từ vựng IELTS Reading theo Conceptual Learning: Giá trị Lịch Sử và Văn Hóa từ khảo cổ
- Học từ vựng IELTS Reading theo Conceptual Learning: Công nghệ trong khảo cổ
- Từ vựng IELTS Reading General Training Section 1 - Chủ đề: Sử dụng nước
- Từ vựng IELTS Reading General Training Section 1 - Chủ đề: Tái chế rác thải
- Từ vựng IELTS Reading General Training Section 1 - Chủ đề: Phương tiện công cộng
- Từ vựng IELTS Reading General Training Section 1 - Chủ đề: Công viên địa phương
- Từ vựng IELTS Reading General Training Section 1 - Chủ đề: Các khoá học cho người lớn
- Từ vựng IELTS Reading General Training Section 1 - Chủ đề: Dịch vụ thư viện
- Từ vựng IELTS Reading General Training Section 1 - Chủ đề: Hoạt động tình nguyện
Nguồn tham khảo
“The picky buying habits of Gen Z consumers.” BBC Worklife, https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20231218-the-picky-buying-habits-of-gen-z-consumers. Accessed 19 tháng 4 2025.
“How the world embraced consumerism.” BBC Future, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210120-how-the-world-became-consumerist. Accessed 19 tháng 4 2025.
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