Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 12: Economics and Business
Key takeaways
Chủ đề từ vựng: Global trade, businesses, entrepreneurship, and the economy.
Nội dung ngữ pháp:
- Connectors
+ Adding connectors
+ Contrasting connectors
+ Result connectors
+ Time connectors
+ Listing connectors
+ Phrases as connectors
Chủ đề "Economics and Business" là một trong những chủ đề thường xuất hiện trong cả bài thi IELTS Reading lẫn Writing. Việc nắm vững từ vựng học thuật, cách dùng trạng từ liên kết, và kỹ năng diễn đạt logic sẽ giúp thí sinh xử lý các bài đọc chuyên sâu, đồng thời phát triển lập luận sắc sảo trong bài viết.
Phần 1: Từ vựng
Bài 1. Nối các từ sau với định nghĩa của chúng
| a. The practice of obtaining goods or services from an external supplier. b. The percentage charged or paid for the use of money, typically expressed annually. c. The state of being unable to pay debts, often leading to legal proceedings. d. The process of one company buying another company or its assets. e. A person who starts and operates a business, taking on financial risks to do so. f. A tax on goods imported or exported between countries. g. A situation where a single company or group controls an entire industry or market. h. The ability of an asset to be quickly converted into cash without losing value. |
Bài 2. Chọn đáp án đúng nhất để hoàn thành câu
The company suffered a significant __________ after it launched a new product, but it is expected to recover in the next quarter.
A. revenue
B. loss
C. merger
D. competitionWhile __________ has been a concern for the country, it is hoped that government policies will help reduce the rise in prices over time.
A. revenue
B. inflation
C. economic growth
D. lossThe increase in __________ between the two firms led to more innovative products, although it also created pressure on prices and profit margins.
A. merger
B. revenue
C. competition
D. lossAfter the __________ between the two global corporations, they now control a significant portion of the market, but they are still facing challenges from competitors.
A. merger
B. inflation
C. economic growth
D. revenueDespite facing some __________ due to unforeseen circumstances, the company was able to report a rise in __________, which helped stabilize its financial situation.
A. loss / inflation
B. loss / revenue
C. economic growth / loss
D. revenue / competitionIn order to expand its operations, the company needed additional __________, so it decided to seek investment from external sources.
A. revenue
B. loss
C. capital
D. inflation
Bài 3. Điền dạng đúng của các từ trong ngoặc
That country’s steady economic __________, which has continued despite global instability, has made it a promising destination for foreign investors. (GROW)
The government has reduced taxes to encourage more __________, especially in high-tech and green sectors that require long-term commitment. (INVEST)
Entrepreneurs, many of whom operate small businesses in rural areas, often struggle with __________ due to limited access to funding and technology. (SUSTAIN)
If the company, which recently expanded into Southeast Asia, doesn’t improve its overall __________, it may be forced to restructure. (PERFORMANCE)
Strong and flexible __________, which take into account market trends and consumer behavior, are essential for long-term success. (STRATEGY)
The company's financial __________, which were audited by an independent firm, revealed both rising costs and falling revenue. (STATE)
A sudden rise in __________, which usually affects consumer spending, can also make it harder for businesses to plan their pricing. (INFLATION)
The company decided to implement __________ after realizing that production delays were affecting customer satisfaction. (SOURCE)
Bài 4. Hoàn thành ô chữ sau

Hàng ngang | Hàng dọc |
4. The difference between the cost of producing something and its selling price, expressed as a percentage of sales. 6. A person or group that has an interest in the success of a business or project. | 1. The percentage of a market controlled by a particular company or product. 2. A system for buying and selling shares in companies, often using brokers. 3. The amount of something that is available for sale or use. 5. The desire of consumers for a particular product or service. |
Phần 2: Ngữ pháp
Trạng từ liên kết (Linking adverbs)
Khi viết đoạn văn hoặc bài luận học thuật trong tiếng Anh, đặc biệt là trong bài thi IELTS Writing và Reading, việc sử dụng trạng từ liên kết giúp tăng tính mạch lạc, logic và làm rõ mối quan hệ giữa các câu, ý tưởng, hoặc đoạn văn.
Các trạng từ liên kết (linking adverbs/conjunctive adverbs) thường đứng ở đầu câu hoặc sau dấu chấm phẩy, và không nối trực tiếp hai mệnh đề như liên từ (and, but, because) mà thay vào đó, kết nối ý nghĩa giữa các câu độc lập.
Có nhiều nhóm trạng từ liên kết, mỗi nhóm diễn đạt một mối quan hệ logic khác nhau. Dưới đây là một số nhóm phổ biến:
a. Trạng từ liên kết chỉ liệt kê / trình tự (Listing)
Từ nối | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
Firstly/To begin with | Đầu tiên | Firstly, international trade boosts a country's GDP. |
Secondly/Thirdly | Thứ hai/ Thứ ba | Secondly, it encourages innovation and competitiveness. |
Finally | Cuối cùng | Finally, it improves diplomatic relations between nations. |
Above all | Trên hết | Above all, stable economic policies attract foreign investors. |

b. Trạng từ liên kết bổ sung ý (Adding)
Từ nối | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
Furthermore/Moreover | Thêm vào đó | Moreover, small businesses generate a large portion of employment. |
In addition/Additionally | Bên cạnh đó | In addition, lower tariffs benefit consumers. |
Besides | Ngoài ra | Besides, digital platforms are opening new markets for entrepreneurs. |

c. Trạng từ liên kết chỉ kết quả (Result)
Từ nối | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
As a result | Vì vậy | As a result, inflation rates soared after the policy change. |
Therefore/Consequently/Thus | Do đó | Consequently, the company had to file for bankruptcy. |
d. Trạng từ liên kết chỉ sự tương phản (Contrast)
Từ nối | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
However | Tuy nhiên | However, not all countries benefit equally from globalization. |
Nevertheless | Dù vậy | Nevertheless, the startup continued to expand despite the recession. |
In contrast/On the other hand | Trái lại | In contrast, developing countries often depend heavily on exports. |
e. Trạng từ liên kết chỉ thời gian (Time)
Từ nối | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
Meanwhile | Trong lúc đó | Meanwhile, inflation continued to rise steadily. |
f. Cụm từ học thuật mang chức năng liên kết (Phrases as logical connectors)
Từ nối | Định nghĩa | Ví dụ |
For example/For instance | Đưa ra ví dụ | Countries such as A and B rely heavily on exports. |
In other words | Diễn giải lại ý | In other words, a trade deficit means a country imports more than it exports. |
That is to say | Nói cách khác | That is to say, economic growth depends on both domestic and international markets. |

Phần 3: Luyện tập tổng hợp
A. Luyện tập từ vựng
Bài 1. Điền cụm từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống
financial statements/ Gross Domestic Product (GDP)/ business strategies /supply chain/ Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)/ |
Economic Development Overview
In recent years, the (1) ___________ has maintained steady growth, positioning the region as one of the fastest-growing economies in Southeast Asia. This growth is fueled in part by a surge in (2) ___________, particularly in high-tech manufacturing and green energy sectors.
The network of (3) ___________ continues to play a vital role in job creation and innovation. Many of these businesses are now shifting their (4) ___________ to embrace digital transformation and expand into global markets. As global trade resumes momentum, governments in the region are prioritizing the modernization of the (5) ___________ to improve logistics efficiency and attract further investment. To increase transparency and enhance investor confidence, companies are being encouraged to publish clear and comprehensive (6) ___________ in line with international standards.

Bài 2. Chọn đúng từ để hoàn thành câu
inflation, entrepreneur, tariff, bankruptcy, outsourcing, monopoly, acquisition, interest rate
When __________ rises too quickly, the prices of basic goods can become unaffordable for the average consumer.
The company filed for __________ after five consecutive years of financial loss.
A successful __________ often takes risks and finds innovative ways to enter the market.
Governments sometimes impose a high __________ on imported goods to protect local industries.
The central bank raised the __________ to control borrowing and reduce spending.
Apple’s recent __________ of a smaller tech firm allowed it to expand into artificial intelligence.
Many companies are turning to __________ to reduce labor costs and increase efficiency.
A __________ exists when one company dominates the entire market, leaving no room for competition.
B. Luyện tập ngữ pháp
Bài 3. Hoàn thành câu với từ phù hợp
however, for example, therefore, in addition, finally |
The company has expanded into Southeast Asia; __________, it plans to enter the European market next year.
Many developing countries depend heavily on natural resource exports; __________, fluctuations in oil prices can deeply affect their economies.
The CEO emphasized the importance of customer satisfaction. __________, he announced a new policy focusing on client feedback.
Small businesses often lack access to credit. __________, they may find it difficult to scale up operations.
E-commerce is growing rapidly. __________, countries like country A have seen a surge in online shopping platforms.
Bài 4. Viết lại hai câu sau bằng cách sử dụng trạng từ liên kết (linking adverbs) phù hợp.
Many companies reduced their workforce. The global economy was in recession.
→ ............................................................................................................................Country A exports electronics. Country A also exports machinery and steel.
→ ............................................................................................................................The startup had limited funding. It still managed to attract major investors.
→ ............................................................................................................................Some countries apply strict import regulations. Other countries focus on free trade.
→ ............................................................................................................................Inflation has increased rapidly. People’s purchasing power has declined.
→ ............................................................................................................................A monopoly controls the entire market. There is no room for competition.
→ ............................................................................................................................
Bài 5.
Dựa trên quan điểm cá nhân, trả lời các câu hỏi dưới đây:
Can you name some services or products you currently pay for on a subscription basis?
............................................................................................................................Why do you prefer them over one-time purchases?
............................................................................................................................
The Rise of Subscription-Based Business Models
A
Over the past decade, subscription-based business models have reshaped the landscape of global commerce. Instead of making one-time purchases, consumers increasingly opt for recurring payments in exchange for continuous access to products or services. This trend spans across multiple industries, including software, entertainment, education, food delivery, and even fashion.
B
One of the main drivers of this shift is the convenience it offers. Consumers benefit from automated deliveries, consistent service, and often reduced upfront costs. At the same time, businesses gain from more predictable revenue streams and long-term customer relationships. This model allows companies to better forecast cash flow, plan inventory, and personalize offerings using subscriber data.
C
Despite its popularity, the subscription model also presents several challenges. Customer retention becomes a critical metric, as users may cancel subscriptions if the perceived value declines. Businesses must continuously update and improve their offerings to maintain engagement. Additionally, overly aggressive billing practices or a lack of transparency can lead to negative consumer sentiment and damage brand reputation.
D
In response to these challenges, successful companies are adopting flexible models that allow users to pause, customize, or downgrade their subscriptions. Transparency in pricing, clear cancellation policies, and personalized content or rewards have become essential strategies to enhance customer loyalty and trust.
E
Looking forward, analysts predict that the subscription economy will continue expanding but will require more ethical and customer-focused frameworks. As competition intensifies, businesses that prioritise value, adaptability, and long-term trust are expected to outperform those that rely solely on convenience or novelty.

Questions 1–4
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph A–D from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number (i–viii) in boxes 1–4 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Legal barriers to subscription commerce
ii. The rise of recurring revenue as a business model
iii. The impact of subscription pricing on consumer choice
iv. Practical reasons for the popularity of subscriptions
v. The growing variety of industries using the model
vi. Business advantages of subscriber data
vii. Environmental concerns of the model
viii. Challenges businesses face with subscriptions
Paragraph A: _______
Paragraph B: _______
Paragraph C: _______
Paragraph D: _______
Questions 5–8
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 5–8 on your answer sheet.
Companies that use subscription models gain advantages such as steady (5) ________, better (6) ________ planning, and more personalised services. However, these benefits can be undermined if (7) ________ declines or customers perceive the offerings as (8) ________.
Phần 4: đáp án và giải thích
Đáp án phần từ vựng
Bài 1. 1C 2H 3G 4F 5D 6A 7E 8B
Bài 2. Chọn đáp án đúng1. B2. B3. C 4. A5. B6. C
Bài 3.
growth
investment
sustainability
performance
strategies
statements
inflation
outsourcing
Bài 4.
Hàng ngang: (4) profit margin (6) stakeholder
Hàng dọc: (1)market share (2)stock market (3)supply (5)demand
Đáp án phần ngữ pháp
Bài 3. Hoàn thành câu với từ nối
In addition
For example
Therefore
Consequently
For example
Bài 4.
The global economy was in recession. As a result / Therefore / Thus / Consequently, many companies reduced their workforce.
Country A exports electronics. Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides, it also exports machinery and steel.
The startup had limited funding. Nevertheless / However / Nonetheless, it managed to attract major investors.
Some countries apply strict import regulations. In contrast / On the other hand, others focus on free trade.
Inflation has increased rapidly. Therefore / As a result / Consequently / Thus, people’s purchasing power has declined.
A monopoly controls the entire market. Consequently / As a result / Hence, there is no room for competition.
Đáp án phần luyện tập tổng hợp
Bài 1
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
investment
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)
business strategies
supply chain
financial statements
Dịch văn bản: Trong những năm gần đây, Tổng sản phẩm quốc nội (GDP) đã duy trì mức tăng trưởng ổn định, đưa khu vực trở thành một trong những nền kinh tế phát triển nhanh nhất ở Đông Nam Á. Sự tăng trưởng này một phần được thúc đẩy bởi làn sóng đầu tư vào các lĩnh vực như sản xuất công nghệ cao và năng lượng xanh.
Mạng lưới doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa (SMEs) tiếp tục đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc tạo việc làm và thúc đẩy đổi mới. Nhiều doanh nghiệp trong số này hiện đang chuyển đổi chiến lược kinh doanh để đón đầu chuyển đổi số và mở rộng ra thị trường toàn cầu.
Khi thương mại toàn cầu phục hồi đà tăng trưởng, các chính phủ trong khu vực đang ưu tiên hiện đại hóa chuỗi cung ứng nhằm cải thiện hiệu quả logistics và thu hút thêm đầu tư.
Để tăng cường tính minh bạch và củng cố niềm tin của nhà đầu tư, các doanh nghiệp đang được khuyến khích công bố báo cáo tài chính rõ ràng và toàn diện theo các tiêu chuẩn quốc tế.
Bài 2.
inflation
bankruptcy
entrepreneur
tariff
interest rate
acquisition
outsourcing
monopoly
Bài 3.
Questions 1–4 (Matching Headings)
v – The growing variety of industries using the model
Giải thích: Đoạn A liệt kê nhiều lĩnh vực áp dụng mô hình này như phần mềm, giải trí, giáo dục, giao hàng và thời trang.vi – Business advantages of subscriber data
Giải thích: Đoạn B nhấn mạnh vào dòng doanh thu ổn định, khả năng lập kế hoạch và cá nhân hóa sản phẩm dựa vào dữ liệu thuê bao.viii – Challenges businesses face with subscriptions
Giải thích: Đoạn C đề cập đến khó khăn trong việc giữ chân khách hàng, nguy cơ hủy thuê bao nếu không duy trì giá trị.iv – Practical reasons for the popularity of subscriptions
Giải thích: Đoạn D nói đến sự linh hoạt, chính sách minh bạch và các yếu tố giúp tăng độ trung thành của khách hàng.
Questions 5–8 (Summary Completion)
revenue streams
inventory
engagement
low-value
Phần 5: Tổng hợp từ vựng
Từ vựng | Phiên âm (IPA) | Nghĩa | Ví dụ |
acquisition (n) | /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/ | sự mua lại (doanh nghiệp) | The company's recent acquisition of a startup expanded its AI capabilities. |
bankruptcy (n) | /ˈbæŋ.krəpt.si/ | sự phá sản | The airline filed for bankruptcy after months of declining revenue. |
business strategy | /ˈbɪz.nəs ˈstræt.ə.dʒi/ | chiến lược kinh doanh | Their new business strategy focuses on digital transformation and sustainability. |
capital (n) | /ˈkæp.ɪ.təl/ | vốn, tư bản | The company raised additional capital to expand its operations abroad. |
demand (n) | /dɪˈmɑːnd/ | nhu cầu | There has been a sharp increase in demand for electric vehicles. |
economic agreement | /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪk əˈɡriː.mənt/ | hiệp định kinh tế | The two countries signed a new economic agreement to boost trade. |
entrepreneur (n) | /ˌɒn.trə.prəˈnɜːr/ | doanh nhân | The young entrepreneur launched a fintech app to support micro-loans. |
financial statement | /faɪˌnæn.ʃəl ˈsteɪt.mənt/ | báo cáo tài chính | Investors closely examined the company’s financial statement before making decisions. |
inflation (n) | /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/ | lạm phát | Rising inflation has significantly impacted consumer spending power. |
interest rate | /ˈɪn.trəst ˌreɪt/ | lãi suất | The central bank raised the interest rate to combat inflation. |
investment | /ɪnˈvest.mənt/ | khoản đầu tư | Foreign investment in renewable energy is growing rapidly. |
liquidity | /lɪˈkwɪd.ə.ti/ | tính thanh khoản | The bank must maintain high liquidity to meet withdrawal demands. |
loss | /lɒs/ | khoản lỗ | The retailer reported a net loss in the third quarter due to weak demand. |
market share | /ˈmɑː.kɪt ˌʃeər/ | thị phần | The company increased its market share through aggressive marketing. |
merger | /ˈmɜː.dʒər/ | sự sáp nhập | The merger between the two banks created one of the largest financial institutions. |
monopoly | /məˈnɒp.əl.i/ | độc quyền | The government imposed regulations to break the tech monopoly. |
outsourcing | /ˈaʊtˌsɔː.sɪŋ/ | thuê ngoài | Outsourcing customer service has helped the company reduce costs. |
profit margin | /ˈprɒf.ɪt ˌmɑː.dʒɪn/ | biên lợi nhuận | The retailer improved its profit margin by optimizing supply chains. |
SMEs | doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa | SMEs contribute significantly to employment and economic growth. | |
stakeholder | /ˈsteɪkˌhəʊl.dər/ | các bên liên quan | Stakeholders were consulted before implementing the new policy. |
stock market | /ˈstɒk ˌmɑː.kɪt/ | thị trường chứng khoán | The stock market reacted positively to the new trade agreement. |
supply | /səˈplaɪ/ | nguồn cung | Supply disruptions led to delays in smartphone production. |
supply chain | /səˈplaɪ ˌtʃeɪn/ | chuỗi cung ứng | The company is working to digitize its entire supply chain. |
tariff | /ˈtær.ɪf/ | thuế quan | Higher tariffs on imports have increased product prices. |
trade | /treɪd/ | thương mại | International trade plays a vital role in economic development. |
trading partner | /ˈtreɪ.dɪŋ ˌpɑːt.nər/ | đối tác thương mại | Country A is one of Country B’s largest trading partners. |
Tổng kết
Thông qua loạt bài tập đa dạng từ từ vựng đến ngữ pháp và đọc hiểu, người học không chỉ củng cố kiến thức ngôn ngữ chuyên ngành mà còn rèn luyện kỹ năng tư duy học thuật cần thiết cho các nhiệm vụ trong kỳ thi IELTS và môi trường học tập quốc tế.
Nếu người học muốn có lộ trình học chuyên sâu hơn với sự hướng dẫn từ giáo viên, hãy tham khảo khóa học IELTS Foundation của ZIM – chương trình giúp người học xây dựng nền tảng IELTS vững chắc và nâng cao điểm số một cách hiệu quả!
- Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading
- Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 3: Health and Medicine
- Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 5: Environmental issues
- Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 4: The Natural World
- Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 7: History and Civilization
- Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 6: Human and Society
- Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 2: Science and Innovation
- Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 8: Communication and Media
- Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 9: Art and Culture
- Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 10: Travel and Transportation
- Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 12: Economics and Business

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