Grammar and vocabulary for IELTS Reading (Level 1) - Unit 2: Science and Innovation

Chào mừng học viên đến với bài học tập trung vào thế giới năng động của khoa học và đổi mới! Tại đây, học sinh sẽ khám phá vốn từ vựng thiết yếu và các công cụ ngữ pháp giúp người học đọc và hiểu hiệu quả các văn bản về những khám phá tiên tiến và tác động của chúng đến cuộc sống của chúng ta.

Phần 1: Từ vựng

Bài 1: Nối các từ sau với định nghĩa của chúng

Bài 2: Đọc các đoạn giới thiệu của những bạn sinh viên dưới đây và đoán nghĩa của các từ in đậm

SpaceX, under the direction of Elon Musk, successfully returned NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams to Earth on Tuesday, 18 March, 2025. This concluded a space mission that lasted 286 days, significantly longer than the originally planned week-long stay on the International Space Station, which was intended to be around May 2024. The extended duration was due to propulsion issues with their Boeing Starliner spacecraft.

Upon their return on Tuesday, the astronauts underwent health evaluations in Houston, and NASA reported their condition as 'doing great'. Photographs documented their arrival on land in Tallahassee.

During a public statement, astronaut Butch Wilmore specifically thanked Elon Musk and then-President Donald Trump for organizing the rescue mission. The mission's extended duration, which overran by approximately nine months from its intended short duration in May 2024, and the subsequent return on Tuesday, became a topic of public discussion.

Bài 3: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất (A, B, C hoặc D) để định nghĩa đúng từ được gạch chân trong mỗi câu

1. The country is investing heavily in research and development (R&D) to boost its technological advancements. Cụm từ "R&D" viết tắt của từ gì?

A. Reading and Discussion

B. Repair and Distribution

C. Research and Development

D. Resources and Documentation

2. Many scientists believe that artificial intelligence (AI) will significantly change our lives in the future. Nghĩa của cụm "artificial intelligence" là gì?

A. Natural human thinking.

B. The ability of machines to simulate human intelligence.

C. A type of simple computer program.

D. The study of ancient artifacts.

3. Japan is a leader in the field of robotics, creating advanced machines for various industries. “Robotics” mang ý nghĩa gì?

A. The study of rocks and minerals.

B. The science of designing, building, and operating robots.

C. The art of painting with robots.

D. A type of traditional Japanese dance.

4. Biotechnology has led to many advancements in medicine, such as new drug therapies. Ý nghĩa của từ "biotechnology" là gì?

A. The study of ancient civilizations.

B. The use of living organisms or their products to develop useful technologies.

C. The science of building large structures.

D. The study of stars and planets.

5. The aerospace industry is constantly innovating to make air travel safer and more efficient. Từ "aerospace" nghĩa là gì?

A. The study of oceans.

B. The industry of air and space travel.

C. The art of landscape painting.

D. The science of weather forecasting.

6. The launch of a new satellite has improved global communication networks. Từ "satellite" nghĩa là gì?

A. A type of small airplane.

B. A natural object orbiting a planet.

C. An artificial object placed in orbit around the Earth or another celestial body.

D. A very large telescope.

Bài 4: Điền các từ dưới đây vào chỗ trống phù hợp

• Intellectual property

• Cutting-edge technology

• Space exploration

• Nanotechnology

• Sustainable

• E-mobility

Sentences:

1. Protecting ___________ is crucial for companies to maintain their competitive advantage and encourage further innovation.

2. This new smartphone utilizes ___________, offering features that were unimaginable just a few years ago.

3. The future of transportation may heavily rely on ___________, with electric vehicles becoming more common.

4. Scientists are using ___________ to develop new materials with unique properties at the atomic level.

5. __________ aims to understand the universe beyond Earth and has led to many important scientific discoveries.

6. More and more businesses are adopting ___________ practices, such as using solar or wind power instead of fossil fuels to minimize their environmental impact.

Bài 5

Xem thêm: Gợi ý những cách học Reading IELTS hiệu quả cho người mới bắt đầu

Phần 2: Ngữ Pháp

1. Danh từ đếm được và danh từ không đếm được

• Countable Nouns (Danh từ đếm được): Là những danh từ có thể đếm được và có dạng số ít, số nhiều.

Ví dụ:

One scientist made a groundbreaking discovery. (Danh từ scientist đang ở dạng số ít)

Many scientists are working on renewable energy solutions. (Danh từ scientists đang ở dạng số nhiều)

The experiment involved several steps. (Danh từ experiment số nhiều)

A crucial innovation changed the industry. (Danh từ Innovation số ít)

Various technologies are being developed. (Danh từ technologies số nhiều)

• Uncountable Nouns (Danh từ không đếm được): Là những danh từ không thể đếm được và thường không có dạng số nhiều. Chúng thường chỉ các chất, khái niệm trừu tượng, hoặc thông tin chung.

Ví dụ:

Significant research is being conducted in this field. (Danh từ research mang nghĩa “nghiên cứu” không đếm được)

The project requires a lot of funding. (Danh từ funding mang nghĩa “tài trợ” không đếm được)

There has been rapid progress in artificial intelligence. (Danh từ progress mang nghĩa “sự tiến bộ” không đếm được)

Understanding the basic physics is essential. (Danh từ physics mang nghĩa “môn vật lý/ngành vật lý” không đếm được)

The development of new software has revolutionized data analysis. (Danh từ development mang nghĩa “sự phát triển nói chung” không đếm được)

Xem chi tiết: Phân biệt cách dùng danh từ đếm được và danh từ không đếm được

2. Quantity Expressions (Từ chỉ số lượng)

Các từ và cụm từ này được sử dụng để chỉ số lượng của danh từ đếm được và không đếm được.

• Với danh từ đếm được:

Many (nhiều): Many scientists believe in the potential of nanotechnology.

A few (một vài): A few countries have made significant investments in space exploration.

Several (nhiều): Several prototypes were tested before the final product was launched.

A number of (một số lượng nhất định): A number of research institutes are focusing on sustainable agriculture.

• Với danh từ không đếm được:

Much (nhiều): Much research is still needed to understand the long-term effects.

A little (một ít, chút): A little progress has been made in developing clean energy sources.

A great deal of (rất nhiều): A great deal of information is available online about this scientific breakthrough.

A large amount of (một lượng lớn): A large amount of funding was allocated to the project.

• Với cả danh từ đếm được và không đếm được:

A lot of (nhiều) : A lot of experiments were conducted. / A lot of data was collected.

Some (một số): Some innovations are quickly adopted. / Some progress has been slow.

Any (bất kỳ): Are there any new discoveries? / Is there any evidence of this phenomenon?

No (không có): There are no easy solutions. / There is no doubt about its importance.

Plenty of (nhiều): Plenty of resources are available. / Plenty of time was spent on development.

Xem thêm: Phân biệt Amount of - Number of - Quantity of kèm ví dụ minh hoạ

3. Cụm danh từ phức tạp

Đây là các cụm từ đóng vai trò là danh từ trong câu, thường bao gồm một danh từ chính (head noun) và các từ hoặc cụm từ khác bổ nghĩa cho nó (determiners, adjectives, prepositional phrases, relative clauses, etc.).

Công thức cơ bản:

Ví dụ:

The rapid development of artificial intelligence is transforming many industries. (Danh từ chính: development, bổ nghĩa trước: rapid, bổ nghĩa sau: of artificial intelligence)

A groundbreaking scientific breakthrough in renewable energy could solve many environmental problems. (Danh từ chính: breakthrough, bổ nghĩa trước: a, groundbreaking scientific, bổ nghĩa sau: in renewable energy)

The challenges associated with long-duration space travel require innovative solutions. (Danh từ chính: challenges, bổ nghĩa trước: the, bổ nghĩa sau: associated with long-duration space travel)

Many countries with strong technological infrastructure are leading in the field of nanotechnology. (Danh từ chính: countries, bổ nghĩa trước: many, bổ nghĩa sau: with strong technological infrastructure)

Understanding the ethical implications of genetic engineering is becoming increasingly important. (Danh từ chính: implications, bổ nghĩa trước: the, ethical, bổ nghĩa sau: of genetic engineering)

Xem thêm: Cụm danh từ (Noun phrases)

Phần 3: Luyện tập tổng hợp

A. Luyện tập từ vựng

Bài 1: Điền từ vào chỗ trống sử dụng các từ vựng từ chủ đề Science and Innovation mà học sinh đã học ở Phần 1

Green Technology

The urgent need to address climate change has spurred significant progress in ___________ (1). This field focuses on developing and implementing ___________ (2) that minimize environmental impact. For example, the rise of ___________ (3) is transforming transportation, offering a cleaner alternative to traditional vehicles. In the energy sector, there's a growing shift towards ___________ (4) sources like solar and wind power, reducing our reliance on fossil fuels.

Furthermore, advancements in ________________(5) are leading to the creation of new materials and processes that are more environmentally friendly. Scientists and engineers in various ___________ (6) are collaborating to find ________________ (7) that can help us achieve a more ___________ (8) future. The development of these green technologies often involves rigorous ___________ (9) and the creation of ___________ (10) to test their effectiveness before widespread adoption. Ultimately, the goal is to foster ___________ (11) across all sectors, ensuring a healthier planet for generations to come. This ___________ (12) in green solutions is not just an option, but a necessity.

Danh sách từ vựng để điền:

• Sustainable

• Green technology

• E-mobility

• Renewable energy

• Nanotechnology

• Research institutes

• Scientific breakthroughs

• Automation

• R&D

• Prototypes

• Innovation

• Cutting-edge technology

Bài 2: Chọn từ đúng để điền vào các câu sau

Danh sách từ:

• Intellectual property

• Start-up ecosystem

• Space exploration

• Groundbreaking

• Pioneer

• Rocketry

• Mission control

• Payload

• Lunar mission

Câu hỏi:

1. Protecting a new invention through ___________ encourages further creativity and investment.

2. A thriving ___________ provides opportunities for young entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions.

3. __________ aims to expand our understanding of the universe and potentially find life beyond Earth.

4. The latest discovery in artificial intelligence is considered ___________ and could revolutionize many industries.

5. Marie Curie was a true ___________ in the field of radioactivity research.

6. The advancements in ___________ have made space travel more accessible and efficient.

7. From ___________, engineers monitor and guide spacecraft during their voyages.

8. The weight and size of the ___________ must be carefully calculated before launching a rocket.

9. The upcoming __________ aims to send humans back to the Moon for long-term research.

B. Luyện tập ngữ pháp

Bài 3: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất

1. _________ research has been conducted on the potential benefits of nanotechnology in medicine.

A. Many

B. Much

C. A few

D. Several

2. The development of _________ smart devices has significantly impacted our daily routines.

A. more and more

B. much and much

C. a lot and a lot

D. few and few

3. _________ are now exploring the possibility of establishing permanent bases on the Moon.

A. A number of space agencies

B. A large amount of space agencies

C. Much space agencies

D. A little space agencies

4. Understanding the _________ of virtual reality requires further investigation.

A. ethical implications

B. ethic implication

C. ethics implications

D. ethic's implication

5. Scientists have made _________ progress in developing more efficient energy storage solutions.

A. a little

B. a few

C. many

D. several

Bài 4: Hoàn thành câu với dạng đúng của từ trong dấu ngoặc

1. (Many / scientist) believe that artificial intelligence will lead to (significant / change) in the future.

2. The project requires (a lot of / funding) for (further / research) into (renewable / energy) sources.

3. (A few / country) with advanced (technological / infrastructure), like the US are pioneers in (space / exploration).

4. Understanding (the / complex / interaction) between genes and environment is crucial in (anti-aging / science).

5. There is (growing / interest) in (e-mobility / solution) as (a / way) to reduce pollution in cities.

C. Luyện tập đọc hiểu tổng hợp

Bài 5

AI and the Fight Against Cancer

A

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming a staple in everyday life, from our smartphones to our workplaces. While the term is often thrown around loosely, genuine AI innovations are quietly transforming industries, including healthcare. One of the most critical areas seeing change is cancer research, where AI is reshaping how we detect, diagnose, and treat the disease.

B

A major strength of AI is its ability to work with massive datasets. Decades of cancer research have produced countless studies, clinical trials, and reports—more information than any single human can process. AI, especially Large Language Models (LLMs), can scan, summarize, and extract meaningful insights from this overwhelming amount of data. By identifying patterns, making predictions, and offering analysis, AI speeds up research and ensures no valuable information goes overlooked.

C

AI’s power also extends to prevention and early detection, which are vital in the fight against cancer. Diagnosing cancer early significantly increases survival rates, but predicting who should be screened and when is complex. Many risk factors are subtle or indirect, and access to screening is often limited by geography, cost, or awareness. AI models, however, can analyze millions of health records and detect hidden patterns, helping identify people at risk much earlier than traditional methods.

D

One example is a 2023 study on pancreatic cancer—a disease known for its silent progression and late detection. AI examined disease codes from millions of patient records to predict who might develop pancreatic cancer, even when symptoms weren’t directly related to the pancreas. Its predictions matched or exceeded the accuracy of genetic tests, which are typically expensive and limited in availability. Such tools could revolutionize how we screen for all types of cancer.

E

Diagnosis is another area where AI is proving helpful. Like experienced doctors, AI tools compare medical data, scans, and symptoms to detect signs of cancer. This approach can reduce the need for invasive tests and speed up diagnosis. For instance, a woman with a thyroid lump had an unnecessary biopsy, but a second opinion using AI imaging suggested it was benign—saving time and discomfort. Other AI systems can highlight hard-to-see cancer cells and flag potentially dangerous areas in MRIs or CT scans for doctors to review more closely.

F

AI is also stepping into the treatment phase. In addition to analyzing data for precision medicine, AI can now personalize treatment plans based on a patient’s genetic makeup and medical history. In 2023, one model helped predict how specific treatments would work for different tumors by studying genomic data. AI is even assisting in real-time—adjusting radiation doses, helping with surgeries, and optimizing drug therapies as treatment progresses.

G

Beyond direct treatment, AI is speeding up drug development. Designing new therapies is time-consuming and expensive, but tools like AlphaFold2 are helping scientists better understand protein structures, making it faster to identify potential drug targets. This not only accelerates research but could lead to more effective and personalized medications in the future.

H

However, AI adoption in healthcare doesn’t come without concerns. Patient data privacy is one of the biggest challenges. AI requires access to vast amounts of sensitive health data, and safeguards must be in place to prevent misuse—whether for marketing, insurance pricing, or other non-medical purposes. There are also regulatory hurdles to navigate, as existing laws may not fully cover the new ways this data is used.

I

Reliability and fairness are also major concerns. AI tools are only as good as the data they’re trained on. If datasets lack diversity or contain bias, AI outcomes may reflect those biases. There’s also the matter of responsibility: if an AI system makes a wrong call, who is held accountable? These questions must be addressed carefully to ensure ethical use of AI in medicine, without shifting blame or risk onto patients.

J

Despite these challenges, AI’s role in cancer research and care continues to grow. It’s helping researchers decode complex data from genomics and imaging, predict therapy responses, and optimize treatments faster than ever. Organizations like the Cancer Research Institute (CRI) are already backing AI-powered projects, such as Dr. Pen Jiang’s work combining AI with genomics to improve cell therapies. With thoughtful implementation and ethical oversight, AI has the potential to drive a medical revolution—bringing us closer to curing cancer than ever before.

a. Người đọc trả lời các câu hỏi sau dựa trên kiến thức của bản thân

Based on your current understanding, what are some potential benefits of using Artificial Intelligence in healthcare, particularly in the fight against cancer?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The passage highlights the use of large datasets in AI for cancer research. Why do you think the ability to analyze massive amounts of data is so crucial in this field?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. Đọc các câu sau và chọn True/False hoặc Not Given phù hợp dựa trên thông tin trong bài đọc

1. AI is currently only used in cancer research for diagnosing the disease.

2. AI models have demonstrated a higher accuracy than traditional genetic tests in predicting pancreatic cancer.

3. The use of AI in healthcare has completely eliminated the need for invasive medical tests.

4. One of the primary obstacles to the widespread adoption of AI in healthcare is concerns about patient data privacy.

5. The Cancer Research Institute (CRI) is hesitant to support projects that involve the use of Artificial Intelligence.

c. Điền từ vào chỗ trống trong tóm tắt sau. Mỗi chỗ trống chứa không quá 4 từ.

Artificial Intelligence is becoming a key element in healthcare, particularly in ___________ (1). One of AI's major strengths lies in its ability to work with ___________ (2), enabling the identification of patterns and the extraction of meaningful insights. This technology is also extending its power to ___________ (3), aiding in the identification of at-risk individuals earlier than traditional methods.

Phần 4: Đáp án và giải thích

Phần từ vựng

Bài 1:

1. C

2. D

3. A

4. E

5. F

6. B

Bài 2:

1. Propulsion: Force to move forward

2. Mission: Important task

3. Astronauts: Space travelers

4. Rescue: Save from danger

5. Duration: Length of time

6. Overran: Lasted longer

Bài 3:

1. C

2. B

3. B

4. B

5. B

6. C

Bài 4:

1. Intellectual property

2. Cutting-edge technology

3. E-mobility

4. Nanotechnology

5. Space exploration

6. Sustainable

Bài 5:

Phần luyện tập

Bài 1:

1. Green technology

2. cutting-edge technology

3. E-mobility

4. renewable energy

5. Nanotechnology

6. research institutes

7. scientific breakthroughs

8. sustainable

9. R&D

10. Prototypes

11. Innovation

12. Innovation

Bài 2:

1. Intellectual property

2. Start-up ecosystem

3. Space exploration

4. Groundbreaking

5. Pioneer

6. Rocketry

7. Mission control

8. Payload

9. Lunar mission

Bài 3:

1. B (Much - research là danh từ không đếm được)

2. A (more and more + countable noun số nhiều)

3. A (A number of + countable noun số nhiều)

4. A (ethical implications - tính từ + danh từ số nhiều)

5. A (a little - progress là danh từ không đếm được)

Bài 4:

1. Many scientists believe that artificial intelligence will lead to significant changes in the future.

2. The project requires a lot of funding for further research into renewable energy sources.

3. A few countries with advanced technological infrastructure like the US are pioneers in space exploration.

4. Understanding the complex interactions between genes and the environment is crucial in anti-aging science.

5. There is growing interest in e-mobility solutions as a way to reduce pollution in cities.

Bài 5:

b.

1. False vì Trí tuệ nhân tạo (AI) được sử dụng trong phát hiện (detection), chẩn đoán (diagnosis) và điều trị (treatment) ung thư - được đề cập ở các đoạn B, C, E, F.

2. False vì Các dự đoán của AI đã khớp hoặc vượt quá độ chính xác của các xét nghiệm di truyền, chứ không nhất thiết là cao hơn - đoạn D.

3. False vì AI có thể giảm nhu cầu (reduce the need) nhưng không loại bỏ hoàn toàn (not completely eliminate) các xét nghiệm xâm lấn - đoạn E.

4. True vì Đoạn H đề cập một cách rõ ràng (explicitly mentions) về lo ngại quyền riêng tư dữ liệu bệnh nhân là một trong những trở ngại chính.

5. False vì Đoạn J nói rằng Viện Nghiên cứu Ung thư (CRI) đã và đang hỗ trợ (backing) các dự án sử dụng AI.

c.

1. cancer research

2. massive datasets

3. prevention and early detection

Phần 5: Tổng hợp từ vựng

Tổng kểt

Bằng việc nắm vững vốn từ vựng và ngữ pháp được trình bày trong bài học này, người học đã thực hiện một bước tiến quan trọng để tự tin giải quyết các chủ đề khoa học và đổi mới trong bài thi IELTS Reading. Người học nên tiếp tục luyện tập và áp dụng những kỹ năng này để nâng cao hơn nữa khả năng đọc hiểu của mình.

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Tác giả: Cao Thị Thuận